Textiles

Year	History
1947	Independence of Pakistan
1948	Urdu is declared the national language of Pakistan.
1949	Constituent Assembly of Pakistan adopts Objectives Resolution
1950	Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan met Nehru to sign the Liaquat-Nehru Pact
1951	Prime minister Khan Liaqat Ali Khan assassinated
1952	The second draft of the Basic Principle Committee presents to the Constituent Assembly.
1953	Muhammad Ali Bogra became PM of Pak
1954	Government of Pakistan approves the National Anthem
1955	Chaudhry Muhammad Ali became PM of Pak
1956	Constituent of 1956
1957	Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar became PM of Pak
1958	Ayub Khan was appointed the first chief martial law administrator
1959	Government establishes Islamic Research Institute
1960	Ayub Khan becomes first elected president
1961	Government takes over news agency, Associated Press of Pakistan (APP)
1962	Constituent of 1962
1963	Z. A. Bhutto becomes Foreign Minister.
1964	President Ayub Khan inaugurates Pakistan Television Lahore Station.
1965	Pak India war
1966	Sheikh Mujeeb, chief of Awami League, announces his six points in Karachi.
1967	Pakistan Peoples Party comes into being.
1968	Pakistan becomes Olympic Hockey Champion, winning over Australia 2-1.
1969	Ayub Khan resigns; Yahya Khan declares martial law
1970	First General elections held. Awami League and Pakistan People Party emerge as leading parties in East and West Pakistan.
1971	Separation of East Pakistan\ Rashid Minhas awarded Nishan-i-Haider
1972	Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto becomes president
1973	Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto becomes prime minister
1974	Prime Minister Z. A. Bhutto's government begins nuclear program.
1975	Pakistan and Bangladesh agree to established diplomatic ties.
1976	A.Q. Khan research laboratories established.
1977	General Muhammad Zia ul-Haq overthrows prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and declares martial law
1978	General Muhammad Zia ul-Haq becomes Pakistan's sixth president
1979	Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto hanged
1980	Government starts collecting Zakat
1981	International Islamic University starts functioning
1982	General Zia-ul-Haq inaugurates first session of Federal Council (Shoora) in Islamabad
1983	First three F-16 jets reach Pakistan
1984	Altaf Hussain forms MQM
1985	Muhammad Khan Junejo becomes prime minister
1986	Peshawar Dry Port is inaugurated.
1987	Qazi Hussain Ahmed becomes Amir of Jamat-i-Islami.
1988	General Zia-ul-Haq is killed in a plane crash near Bahawalpur
1989	Students unions are restored in Punjab
1990	Mian Nawaz Sharif becomes the prime minister
1991	National Assembly adopts Shariat Bill.
1992	PIA Flight 268 was crashed on approach to Kathmandu’s Tribhuvan International Airport
1993	Benazir Bhutto becomes prime minister for the second time
1994	Pakistan Television transmission gets access to 38 countries via satellite.
1995	Sindh Government lifts ban on six Karachi evening newspapers.
1996	Malik Meraj Khalid became acting Prime Minister of pakistan
1997	Nawaz Sharif becomes prime minister for the second time
1998	Pakistan conducts nuclear tests
1999	General Pervez Musharaf overthrow the Nawaz Sharif
2000	Nawaz Sharif sentenced to life imprisonment on hijacking and terrorism charges.
2001	Gen. Pervez Musharraf became president of pakistan
2002	Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali sworn in as Prime Minister
2003	Senate elections: Ruling party wins most seats in voting to the upper house.
2004	Shaukat Aziz becomes Prime Minister.
2005	Collision of three passenger trains near Ghotki.
2006	Charter of democracy (cod) is signed by Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto in London.
2007	President Musharraf dismissed Chief Justice of Pakistan
2008	Yusuf Raza Gilani is elected as the new Prime Minister
2009	Pakistan Army launched Operation Rah-e-Rast and cleared Swat Valley of all Taliban elements
2010	Airblue Flight 202 was crashed near north-east of Islamabad in the Margalla Hills
2011	361 people were killed, some 5.3 million people and 1.2 million homes affected in sindh flood.
2012	Bhoja Air Flight 213 was aircraft carrying a domestic scheduled passenger flight from Jinnah International Airport in Karachi to Benazir Bhutto International Airport in Islamabad that crashed at a village near Hussain Abad

Warping:

Warping is a process in which number of the yarns end from the yarn packages or cones are wound on the warping beams.

Warping is transferring many yarns from a creel of the single end package forming a parallel sheet of the yarn wound on to a beam.

Objectives of the warping:

The object of warp preparation is to transfer yarn from the spinner's package to a weaver's beam that can be placed behind a loom ready for weaving. A weaver's beam usually contains several thousand ends and for a variety of reasons, it can seldom be made in one operation.

There are two main objective of the warping

Ø Collection of the number of the yarns end required in the fabrics

Ø Winding a specific type of the package as required by subsequent process i.e. warper’s beam or ball etc

Types of the warping:

There are three common types of the warping

Ø High speed warping (Direct warping)

Ø Section warping (Indirect warping)

Ø Ball warping

High Speed Warping:

In this system single end of the yarn from the cones or packages are directly wounded on the warping beams. This is the winding of total number of warp ends in full width in a single operation from creeled bobbin.

This process or system is used for the mass production. This is used to make smaller intermediate beams called warper’s beams. These smaller beams are combined later at the sizing stage to produce the weaver’s beam. This process is called beaming. Therefore, for if the weaver’s beam contains 10,000 warp ends, then there would be-say – 10 warper’s beams of 1,000 ends each. If this weaver’s were to be made in one stage, the creel would have to have 10,000 yarn packages, which is impossible to manage.

Section of High Speed Warping:

Ø Creel

Ø Warp Break Sensor

Ø Expanding comb

Ø Pressure roller

Ø Beam

Section Warping:

In the section warping, first the yarn ends from the creel are wounded on the warping section beams which are winding section. After this, this section yarn are then wounded on the warping beams. Then the warping beams without sizing are applied to the loom to produce the grey fabrics. This system takes time so the production will not so good. It is clear from the above it is two step processes.

Feature of Sectional Warping:

Ø This is suitable for making checked, stripped or other fancy fabric.

Ø Fabrics which don’t required sizing

Ø Fabric with strip of different colors or different type of yarns

Ø Less no of ends of warp in the sheet

Ø The production is less in sectional warping

Ø It is less efficient than high speed warping

Where length of the warp are comparatively small as this is slow speed process and can’t coup up with mass production orders.

Ball Warping:

In this system the large no the strands of the yarn of specific length in the form of loose untwist rope are wounded.

This system is mainly used when the yarn is dyed for denim fabrics. This rope consists of the 50 to 100 yarns. Such a beam is termed as ball. After the dying process the rope ends are again separated and wound on another warping beams (long chain beaming). Warp beam so produced are then combined on the sizing machine for applying the size and then wound on a weaver’s beams.

Machine of warping:

There are two main parts of the machine of the warping:

Ø Creel

Ø Head Stock

Creel:

The creel is a structure which is used to hold the cones on the spindle.

Creel structure:

Spindle:

Spindle is a part of a machine around which cone turns at the time of withdrawal of yarn or place for supply package.

Pegs:

This is used to hold the cones on the creel

Guides:

Guides are a component for controlling the path of a running material.

Tensioners:

This is device which is use the keep the strength in warp yarn constant.

Stop motion pins.

Creel capacity:

Creel capacity depend upon the

Ø No the rod of the creel

Ø No the spindles that holds the cones on the creel

Types of the creel:

There are two type of creel according to the shape:

Ø V-Shape Creels

Ø H-Shape Creels

Ø Mobile Creels

Ø Magazine Creel

Ø Swivel Frame Creel

Differences between Sectional and High Speed Warping

High Speed Warping	Sectional Warping
1. Beam warping is used for long runs of grey fabrics & simple pattern.	1. Sectional warping is used for short runs especially for fancy pattern fabrics.
2. The amount of colored yarn is less than 15% of the total.	2. Greater amount of colored yarn is used.
3. High production.	3. Low production.
4. Large amount of yarn required.	4. Small amount of yarn required.
5. Single yarn is used.	5. Twisted yarn is used.
6. Less expensive.	6. More expensive.
7. It is most widely used for cotton, linen, woolen & worsted yarn.	7. It is most widely used for cotton, silk & synthetic yarn.
8. Uniform tension of yarn.	8. Less uniform tension of yarn.
9. Weavers beam is produced after sizing.	9. Weavers beam is produced after warping.
10. Creel capacity is more.	10. Creel capacity is less.
11. Beam warping is more widely used.	11. Sectional warping is not widely used.

History of Governments in Pakistan from 1947 to 2012