Different conversion project of C++ (source code)

Here is source code. To get .cpp file inbox me at ucet.mtn@gmail.com

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct input { int a; double b; };
void dot()
{ for(int y=1;y<40;y++) cout<<"."; }
void star()
{ for(int a=1;a<40;a++) cout<<"*"; }
void line() { for(int x=1;x<50;x++) cout<<"-"; }
void main()
{
clrscr();
star();
cout<<"\n WELCOME TO UNIT CONVERSIONS \n";
star();
cout<<endl<<" \n";
line();
cout<<"\nPress the number mentioned against the conversions that you want to carry out\n";
cout<<" \n";
line();
cout<<"\n1. Weight Conversions\n2. Length Conversions\n3. Temperature Conversions :  ";
input x;
cin>>x.a;
dot(); cout<<endl;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
{
cout<<"1. Kilogram to other units\n2. Pound to others\n3. Ounce to Others\n4. Grams to others\n5. Miligrams to Others\n6. Grains to others :  ";
cin>>x.a;
dot(); cout<<endl;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
cout<<"1. Kilogram to Pound Conversions\n2. Kilogram to Ounce\n3. Kilogram to gram \n4. Kilogram to Miligram\n5. Kilograme to Grains :  ";
cin>>x.a;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Enter weight in Kg    :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"weight in Pound is    :"<<(x.b*2.20462)<<endl;
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter weight in Kg    :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in ounce is    :"<<(x.b*35.273)<<endl;
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter weight in Kg    :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Gram is     :"<<(x.b*1000)<<endl;
break;
case 4:
cout<<"Enter Weight in Kg    :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Miligram is :"<<(x.b*1000000)<<endl;
break;
case 5:
cout<<"Enter weight in Kg    :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Grains is   :"<<(x.b*15432)<<endl;
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try Again ";
}
break;
case 2:
cout<<"1. Pound to Kilogram\n2. Pound to Ounce \n3. Pound to Gram\n4. Pound to Miligram\n5. Pound to Grain :  ";
cin>>x.a;
dot(); cout<<endl;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Enter weight in Pound :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Kg is       : "<<(x.b*0.45359)<<endl;
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter weight in Pound :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Ounce is    :"<<(x.b*16)<<endl;
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter weight in Pound :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Gram is     : "<<(x.b*453.59)<<endl;
break;
case 4:
cout<<"Enter weight in Pound :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Miligram is :"<<(x.b*453592)<<endl;
break;
case 5:
cout<<"Enter weight in Pound :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Grain is    :"<<(x.b*7000)<<endl;
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try Again ";
}
break;
case 3:
cout<<"1. Ounce to Kilogram\n2. Ounce to Pound\n3. Ounce to Gram\n4. Ounce to Miligram\n5. Ounce to Grain :  ";
cin>>x.a;
dot(); cout<<endl;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Enter weight in Ounce :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Kg is       :"<<(x.b*0.028349)<<endl;
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter weight in Ounce :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Pound is    :"<<(x.b*0.0625)<<endl;
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter weight in Ounce :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Gram is     :"<<(x.b*28.349)<<endl;
break;
case 4:
cout<<"Enter weight in Ounce :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Miligram is :"<<(x.b*28349)<<endl;
break;
case 5:
cout<<"Enter weight in Ounce :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Grains is   :"<<(x.b*437.5)<<endl;
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try again";
}
break;
case 4:
cout<<"1. Gram to Kg\n2. Gram to Pound\n3. Gram to Ounce\n4. Gram to Miligram\n5. Gram to Grain :  ";
cin>>x.a;
dot(); cout<<endl;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Enter weight in Gram  :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Kg is       :"<<(x.b*0.001)<<endl;
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter weight in Gram  :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Pound is    :"<<(x.b*0.0022)<<endl;
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter weight in Gram  :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Ounce is    :"<<(x.b*0.03527)<<endl;
break;
case 4:
cout<<"Enter weight in Gram  :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Miligram is :"<<(x.b*1000)<<endl;
break;
case 5:
cout<<"Enter weight in Gram  :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Grains is   :"<<(x.b*15.432)<<endl;
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try Again ";
}
break;
case 5:
cout<<"1. Miligrame to Kg\n2. Miligram to Pound\n3. Miligram to Ounce\n4. Miligram to Gram\n5. Miligram to Grain :  ";
cin>>x.a;
dot(); cout<<endl;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Enter weight in Miligram :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Kg is          :"<<(x.b*0.000001)<<endl;
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter weight in Miligram :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Pound is       :"<<(x.b*0.0000022)<<endl;
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter weight in Miligram :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Ounce is       : "<<(x.b*0.00003527)<<endl;
break;
case 4:
cout<<"Enter weight in Miligram :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in gram is        :"<<(x.b*0.001)<<endl;
break;
case 5:
cout<<"Enter weight in Miligram :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Grains is      :"<<(x.b*0.15432)<<endl;
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try Again ";
}
break;
case 6:
cout<<"1. Grain to Kilogram\n2. Grain to Pound\n3. Grain to Ounce\n4. Grain to Gram\n5. Grains to Miligram :  ";
cin>>x.a;
dot(); cout<<endl;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Enter weight in Grain :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Kg is       :"<<(x.b*0.001)<<endl;
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter weight in Grain :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Pound is    :"<<(x.b*0.0022)<<endl;
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter weight in Grain :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Ounce is    :"<<(x.b*0.03527)<<endl;
break;
case 4:
cout<<"Enter weight in Grain :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Gram is     :"<<(x.b*1000)<<endl;
break;
case 5:
cout<<"Enter weight in Grain :"; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"Weight in Miligram is :"<<(x.b*15.432)<<endl;
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try Again ";
}
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try Again ";
}
}
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Please Enter The Respective Number : ";
cout<<"1. Centimeter To Others\n2. Feet To Others\n3. Inches To Others\n4. Kilometer To Others\n5. Meter To Others\n6. Yard To Others :  ";
cin>>x.a;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
cout<<"1. Centimeter To Feet\n2. Centimeter To Inches\n3. Centimeter To Kilometer\n4. Centimeter To Milimeter\n5. Centimeter To Meter\n6. Centimeter To Yard : ";
cin>>x.a;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Enter in Cm        : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Feet Is         : "<<(x.b*0.03280)<<endl;
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter in Cm        : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Inches Is       : "<<(x.b*0.3837)<<endl;
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter in Cm        : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Kilometer Is    : "<<(x.b*0.00001)<<endl;
break;
case 4:
cout<<"Enter in Cm        : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Milimeter Is    : "<<(x.b*0.10)<<endl;
break;
case 5:
cout<<"Enter in Cm        : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Meter Is        : "<<(x.b*0.01)<<endl;
break;
case 6:
cout<<"Enter in Cm        : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Yard Is         : "<<(x.b*0.01093)<<endl;
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try Again ";
}
break;
case 2:
cout<<"1. Feet To Cm\n2. Feet To Dm\n3. Feet To Inches\n4. Feet To Km\n5. Feet To Meter\n6. Feet To Yards : ";
cin>>x.a;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Enter in Feet     : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Cm Is          : "<<(x.b*30.48)<<endl;
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter in Feet     : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In dm Is          : "<<(x.b*3.04799)<<endl;
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter in Feet     : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In inches Is      : "<<(x.b*12)<<endl;
break;
case 4:
cout<<"Enter in Feet     : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Kilometer Is   : "<<(x.b*0.0003048)<<endl;
break;
case 5:
cout<<"Enter in Feet     : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Milimeter Is   : "<<(x.b*304.8)<<endl;
break;
case 6:
cout<<"Enter in Feet     : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Meter Is       : "<<(x.b*0.3048)<<endl;
break;
case 7:
cout<<"Enter in Feet     : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Yard Is        : "<<(x.b*0.333)<<endl;
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try Again ";
}
break;
case 3:
cout<<"1. Inches To Cm\n2. Inches To dm\n3. Inches To Feet\n4. Inches To Km\n5. Inches to Milimeter\n6. Inches To Meter\n7. Inches To Yards : ";
cin>>x.a;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Enter in Inches   : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Cm Is          : "<<(x.b*2.54)<<endl;
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter in Inches   : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In dm Is          : "<<(x.b*0.254)<<endl;
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter in Inches   : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Feet Is        : "<<(x.b*0.08334)<<endl;
break;
case 4:
cout<<"Enter in Inches   : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Kilometer Is   : "<<(x.b*0.0000254)<<endl;
break;
case 5:
cout<<"Enter in Inches   : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Milimeter Is   : "<<(x.b*25.4)<<endl;
break;
case 6:
cout<<"Enter in Inches   : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Meter Is       : "<<(x.b*0.0254)<<endl;
break;
case 7:
cout<<"Enter in Inches   : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Yard Is        : "<<(x.b*0.027)<<endl;
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try Again ";
}
break;
case 4:
cout<<"1. Kilometer To Cm\n2. Kilometer To dm\n3. Kilometer To Feet\n4. Kilometer To Inches\n5. Kilometer to Milimeter\n6. Kilometer To Meter\n7. Kilometer To Yards : ";
cin>>x.a;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Enter in Km      : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Cm Is         : "<<(x.b*100000)<<endl;
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter in Km      : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In dm Is         : "<<(x.b*10000)<<endl;
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter in Km      : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Feet Is       : "<<(x.b*3280.839)<<endl;
break;
case 4:
cout<<"Enter in Km      : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Inches Is     : "<<(x.b*39370.07)<<endl;
break;
case 5:
cout<<"Enter in Km      : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Milimeter Is  : "<<(x.b*1000000)<<endl;
break;
case 6:
cout<<"Enter in Km      : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Meter Is      : "<<(x.b*1000)<<endl;
break;
case 7:
cout<<"Enter in Km      : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Yard Is       : "<<(x.b*1093.61)<<endl;
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try Again ";
}
break;
case 5:
cout<<"1. Milimeter To Cm\n2. Milimeter To dm\n3. Milimeter To Feet\n4. Milimeter To Inches\n5. Milimeter to Kilometer\n6. Milimeter To Meter\n7. Milimeter To Yards : ";
cin>>x.a;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Enter in mm      : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Cm Is         : "<<(x.b*0.1)<<endl;
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter in mm      : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In dm Is         : "<<(x.b*0.01)<<endl;
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter in mm      : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Feet Is       : "<<(x.b*0.00328)<<endl;
break;
case 4:
cout<<"Enter in mm      : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Inches Is     : "<<(x.b*0.039370)<<endl;
break;
case 5:
cout<<"Enter in mm      : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Kilometer Is  : "<<(x.b*0.000001)<<endl;
break;
case 6:
cout<<"Enter in mm      : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Meter Is      : "<<(x.b*0.001)<<endl;
break;
case 7:
cout<<"Enter in mm      : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Yard Is       : "<<(x.b*0.00109)<<endl;
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try Again ";
}
break;
case 6:
cout<<"1. Meter To Cm\n2. Meter To dm\n3. Meter To Feet\n4. Meter To Inches\n5. Meter to Kilometer\n6. Meter To MiliMeter\n7. Meter To Yards : ";
cin>>x.a;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Enter in m       : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Cm Is         : "<<(x.b*100)<<endl;
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter in m       : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In dm Is         : "<<(x.b*10)<<endl;
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter in m       : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Feet Is       : "<<(x.b*3.280839)<<endl;
break;
case 4:
cout<<"Enter in m       : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Inches Is     : "<<(x.b*39.37007)<<endl;
break;
case 5:
cout<<"Enter in m       : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Kilometer Is  : "<<(x.b*0.001)<<endl;
break;
case 6:
cout<<"Enter in m       : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Milimeter Is  : "<<(x.b*1000)<<endl;
break;
case 7:
cout<<"Enter in m       : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Yard Is       : "<<(x.b*1.09361)<<endl;
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try Again ";
}
break;
case 7:
cout<<"1. Yard To Cm\n2. Yard To dm\n3. Yard To Feet\n4. Yard To Inches\n5. Yard to Kilometer\n6. Yard To MiliMeter\n7. Yard To Meters : ";
cin>>x.a;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Enter in Yards  : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Cm Is        : "<<(x.b*91.439)<<endl;
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter in Yards  : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In dm Is        : "<<(x.b*9.1439)<<endl;
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter in Yards  : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Feet Is      : "<<(x.b*3)<<endl;
break;
case 4:
cout<<"Enter in Yards  : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Inches Is    : "<<(x.b*35.99)<<endl;
break;
case 5:
cout<<"Enter in Yards  : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Kilometer Is : "<<(x.b*0.00091)<<endl;
break;
case 6:
cout<<"Enter in Yards  : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Milimeter Is : "<<(x.b*914.39)<<endl;
break;
case 7:
cout<<"Enter in Yards  : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Meter Is     : "<<(x.b*0.091439)<<endl;
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try Again ";
}
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try Again ";
}
break;
case 3:
cout<<"1. Centigrade To Fahrenheit\n2. Centigrade To Kelvin\n3. Fahrenheit To Centifrade\n4. Fahrenheit To Kelvin\n5. Kelvin To Centigrade\n6. Kelvin To Fahrenheit : ";
cin>>x.a;
switch(x.a)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Enter in Centigrade : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Fahrehheit Is    : "<<((x.b*1.8)+32)<<endl;
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter in Centigrade : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Kelvin is        : "<<(x.b+273.16)<<endl;
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter in Fahrenheit : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Centigrade is    : "<<((x.b-32)/1.8)<<endl;
break;
case 4:
cout<<"Enter in Fahrenheit : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Kelvin Is        : "<<(((x.b-32)/1.8)+273.16)<<endl;
break;
case 5:
cout<<"Enter in Kalvin     : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<"In Centigrade is    : "<<(x.b-273.16)<<endl;
break;
case 6:
cout<<"Enter in Kelvin     : "; cin>>x.b;
cout<<""<<(((x.b-273.16)*1.8)+32)<<endl;
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try Again";
}
break;
default: cout<<"Wrong Selection Try Again";
}
}

Lay Out Plans of woven fabrics

1-      For the warp of Grey Cloth

Process                                   Product

                                    Warp yarn in the form of cones or cheeses

1) Warping                      Warper’s Beams

2) Sizing                          Weaver’s Beams

3) Drawing-in                  Weaver’s beam along with drawn-in heald frames and reed

4) Looming-in                 Placing and fixing weaver’s beam along with drawn-in heald frames and reed into the loom

5) Weaving                      Woven Fabric

2-      For Sheet dyed Denim Cloth

Process                                   Product

                                    Warp yarn in the form of cones or cheeses

1) Warping                      Warper’s Beams

2) Dyeing and sizing       Weaver’s Beams with dyed and sized yarn of warp sheet

3) Drawing-in                  Weaver’s beam along with drawn-in heald frames and reed 

4) Looming-in                 Placing and fixing weaver’s beam along with drawn-in heald frames and reed into the loom

5) Weaving                      Woven Fabric

3-      For Sheet dyed Denim Cloth

Process                                                 Product

                                                  Warp yarn in the form of cones or cheeses

1) Ball Warping                          Balls of warp

2) Dyeing in                                Dyed ropes of warp in cans rope form

Dressing and Beaming                 Warper’s beams with dressed and straightened warp yarns

Sizing                                     Weaver’s Beams with dyed and sized yarn

Drawing-in                                Weaver’s beam along with drawn-in heald frames and reed

Looming-in                               Placing and fixing weaver’s beam along with drawn-in heald frames and reed into the loom

Weaving                                  Woven Fabric

History of Weaving

Weaving is acknowledged as one of the oldest surviving crafts in the world.

The tradition of weaving traces back to Neolithic times - approximately 12,000 years ago. Even before the actual process of weaving was discovered, the basic principle of weaving was applied to interlace branches and twigs to create fences, shelters and baskets for protection.

Weaving is one of the primary methods of textile production and it involves interlacing a set of vertical threads with a set of horizontal threads. The set of vertical threads are known as warp and the set of horizontal threads are known as weft.

Weaving can be done by hand or by using machines. Machines used for weaving are called looms.

Loom originated from crude wooden frame and gradually transformed into the modern sophisticated electronic weaving machine. Now a days weaving has become a mechanized process, though hand weaving is still in practice.

20,000 - 30,000 years ago early man developed the first string by twisting together plant fibers. Preparing thin bundles of plant material and stretching them out while twisting them together produced a fine string or thread.

The ability to produce string and thread was the starting place for the development of weaving, spinning, and sewing.

Stone Age Man's early experiments with string and thread lead to the first woven textiles. Threads and strings of different sizes were knotted and laced together to make many useful things.

Finger weaving, lacing and knotting together of threads by hand, is still used today by many weavers.

During the Neolithic Era mankind developed great skill in weaving cloth. Every household produced cloth for their own needs.

Weaving cloth remained an activity associated with the family unit for thousands of years.

By the 11th century many of the weaving patterns used today had been invented. Skilled weavers developed highly specialized cloth.

During this time the task of weaving cloth began slowly to move away from the family unit into specialized work places.

Cloth weaving became a mechanized industry with the development of steam and water powered looms during the Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1815).

The invention of the fly shuttle removed the need to have a weaver place the weft thread into the warp by hand. John Kay of Bury, England, first discovered flying shuttle in 1733 which speeded the process of weaving and the production was almost doubled. A fly shuttle is a long, narrow canoe-shaped instrument, usually made of wood, which holds the bobbin.

The Jacquard Machine was developped in the early 1800s. This revolutionary machine used a punch card mechanism to operate the loom and is credited as the basis of modern computer science. A textile woven on a loom with a Jacquard Machine can have very complicated patterns.

The technological innovations in cloth production made during the Industrial Revolution dramatically changed the role of the weaver. Large volumes of inexpensive cloth were now readily available. Weaving had been changed to a manufacturing industry. Textile workers were among the founders of the modern labour movements.

Today most of our textile needs are supplied by commercially woven cloth. A large and complex cloth making industry uses automated machines to produce our textiles.

However, there are artisans making cloth on hand looms, in home studios or small weaving businesses, who keep alive the skills and traditions of the early weaver

Weaving is probably as old as human civilization. One of the basic necessities of humans is to cover their bodies to protect themselves from outside effects (hot, cold) and look more "civilized" to the eye. Other reasons for development of different clothing throughout the history are social status, religious requirements, etc. Clothing trends depend on location as well.

Historical findings suggest that Egyptians made woven fabrics some 6000 years ago. Chinese made fine fabrics from silk over 4000 years ago. It is believed that the handloom has been invented many times in different civilizations Weaving started as a domestic art and stayed as a cottage industry until the invention of the fly shuttle. The fly shuttle, invented in 1733 by Kav, was hand operated. In 1745. De Vaucanson Cartwrigfat invented the power loom which could be operated from a single point, la the early 1800s, looms made of cast iron, were operated by steam power. Power loom required stronger warp yarn, resulting in devotement of the first sizing machine in 1803. In the 1830s, there were some 100,000 shuttle looms operating in England. The processing principles of these looms were pretty same as today's shuttle looms.
In earlier 20th century, developments were made in winding and warping of the yarn. The looms were improved further, including the warp drawing-in machine and warp tying-in machines. After the end of World War II, the modern textile industry began to emerge. Invention of synthetic fibres has changed the scope of textile industry drastically. In 1930 an engineer named Rossmann developed the first prototype of projectile weaving machines. In 1953 the first commercial projectile weaving machines were shipped. Production of rapier and air jet weaving machines started in 1972 and 1975, respectively. 
The fundamental principle of weaving has remained unchanged for centuries. Today, as in the past the woven fabrics have been made by crossing yarns over and under at right angles to one another. This method of producing textiles has many advantages, e.g., stability and resistance to deformation by compression and tensile stress. These are the feature that distinguishes the woven fabric from the other cheaper non-woven and knitted goods. The focus in technological progress has been on accelerating the conventional weaving process. Over a period measured in centuries the filling insertion rate, for example has increased from a few meter per minute to over 2000 meters/min. Further major increase in performance can only be achieved with new technologies such as multi-phase weaving machines.

Blow Room of Rieter company

INTRODUCTION

When the bales of cotton arrive at a spinning mill, these are subjected to the very first process, which is definitely Blow Room.

Basic operations in the blow room: 

Ø  Opening 

Ø  Cleaning 

Ø  Mixing or blending 

Ø  Dust removal 

Ø  Uniform feed to the carding machine 

INPUT OF BLOWROOM

The material input to the blow room was in the compressed form and full of trashes or impurities i.e. leaves, seed, chaff, metallic particle and dusts etc.

OUTPUT OF BLOWROOM

After going through the processes of the blow room, the output in the form of small tufts and it is cleaned and opened.

Principle of action of machines in blow room:

·         Action of opposite spike:

o   This action reduces the large tufts of cotton into small ones.

·         Action of air current

o   The movement of cotton fibers from machine to machine is done by the effect of continuous air current,

o   This air current also helps in separation of trashes

·         Action of beaters:

o   Beaters are resposible for removal of all types of impurities

o   Helps in opening of cotton

·         Action of regulation motion

o   Gives uniform output of cotton fiber by help of  swing doors and swing paddels.

A blow room installed by rieter company is shown in the figure

A blow room installed by Rieter company is shown in the figure

Details of processes in blow room:

Blow room installations consists of a sequence of different machines to carry out the above mentioned operations. Moreover Since the tuft size of cotton becomes smaller and smaller, the required intensities of processing necessitates different machine configuration.

Opening:

Opening in blow room means opening into small flocks. Technological operation of opening means the volume of the flock is increased while the number of fibres remains constant. i.e. the specific density of the material is reduced.

·         Many types of opener and beaters are used to open and clean the tufts some of them are given here

Machine used: (Bale Breaker)

The opening  process is being done now a days in the spinning lab of University College of Textile Engineering BZU using Reiter unifloc machine shown in the figure below

Cleaning:

The process to remove dirt, dust, broken seeds, broken leafs and other trashes is called cleaning.

Objectives of Opening and Cleaning:

·         To reduce the density of raw cotton mass

·         To reduce the tuft size exposing new fiber surfaces, that allows impurities to be removed

·         To reduce the tuft size in order to improve the mixing of cotton and regularity of the feedstock delivered to the next process.

·         To achieve these objectives with a minimum damage to the fibers

Factors influencing cleaning:

·         The larger the dirt particle , the better they can be removed. Since almost every blowcroom machine can shatter particles, as far as possible a lot of impurities should be eliminated at the start of the process.

·         The higher the degree of opening, the higher the degree of cleaning. A very high cleaning effect is almost always purchased at the cost of a high fibre loss. Higher roller speeds give a better cleaning effect but also more stress on the fibre. If cotton is opened well in the opening process, cleaning becomes easier because opened cotton  has more surface area, therefore cleaning is more efficient. 

·         The cleaning efficiency is strongly dependent on the TRASH %. It is also affected by the size of the particle and stickiness of cotton. Therefore cleaning efficiency can be different for different cottons with the same trash %. There is a new concept called CLEANING RESISTANCE. Different cottons have different cleaning resistance.

Cleaning efficiency may b calculated using formula

·         Due to machine harvesting , cotton contains more and more impurities, which furthermore are shattered by hard ginning. Therefore cleaning is always an important basic operation. 

·         In cleaning, it is necessary to release the adhesion of the impurities to the fibres and to give the particles an opportunity to separate from the stock. The former is achieved mostly by picking of flocks, the latter is achieved by leading the flocks over a grid.

·         In a beating operation, the flocks are subjected to a sudden strong blow. The inertia of the impurities accelerated to a high speed, is substantially greater than that of the opened flocks due to the low air resistance of the impurities. The latter are hurled against the grid and because of their small size, pass between the grid bars into the waste box, while the flocks continue around the periphery of the rotating beater. 

·         Air streams are often used in the latest machine sequence, to separate fibres from trash particles by buoyancy differences rather than beating the material against a series of grid bars.

Machine used for Cleaning:

Many different types of cleaning machines with different type of beaters are being used in textile industry, But in blow room installed in Spinning lab of UCTE BZU uniclean of Rieter is being used the short description about uniclean is given below

Construction parts:

1.      Cleaning cylinder

2.      Cleaning Grid

3.      Air lock cylinder

4.      Material feed

5.      Material outlet

6.      Exhaust air to filter

7.      Waste removal

But instead of the material rotating three times inside the machine, it is forced to pass over the grid five times, always presenting new surface areas to it. The tufts not only pass over the grid five times, they also pass over a specially arranged perforated sheet five times. The chamber behind this sheet is a low-pressure chamber. The air suction through this sheet provides very efficient dedusting. The waste is collected inside the machine and fed to the waste transport via an airlock cylinder. Intermittent suction and connection to continuous suction is possible.

Mixing cotton

To have produced high quality and uniform yarn, we interweave material very well. This concerns not only the production of cotton blends with other textile materials, but also 100% cotton, because cotton quality and characteristics in different packages may vary. Our task is to create high-quality homogeneous mixture. Such a mixture will ensure that the properties at any point will be the same yarn. Perfect mixing to remove the differences in length, fineness, strength,color and fiber contamination.

Multi mix:

The machine is made up of three parts:

·         a storage section,

·         an intermediate chamber

·         a delivery section.

Flocks are feed simultaneously into 6 J-shaped chambers (2) arranged one behind other in storage section. A conveyor belt (3)  leads the stock through the intermediate chamber to the take-off unit. The material columns are diverted out of vertical to horizontal. In addition to a condensing effect, this 90º bend in the material flow also produces a shift in timing and special distribution of transport of flocks from first chamber to last chamber. This in turn results in good long term blending. Therefore as in blending opener, material is extracted from the middle chamber and subjected to further opening step between an inclined spiked lattice (5) and an evener roller (7), giving an additional good short term blending. An optical sensor (6) controls the quantity of material in the mixing chamber. Behind the spiked lattice there is a take-off roller and a simple pneumatic suction feed to the next machine.

DUST REMOVAL:

An often underestimated task of the blow room line is the removal of dust. However, it is as important as the removal of impurities. Dedusting in the blow room happens by air suctioning only, either between the machines, e.g. by dust cages, dust extractors , etc., or within the machine by normal air separation. Every blow room machine must be capable of extracting dust, so that special dedusting machines should be needed. The efficiency depends not only on the devices but also on the size of the flocks. The smaller the flocks, the higher is the efficiency.

Using Uniflex:

Uniflex is used for further opening, cleaning, and dedusting of cotton of staple fibers.

A fan in the feeding duct helps  to supply the machine with raw material. A specialy designed flip flop feeding device (1) forms a homogeneous wadding in the lamina chute (2) over the whole length and width. The dust laden transport air is extraced through the lamina chute. The adjustable depth of the chute allows for homogeneous filling operation to take place according to the production requirment. Two drums (3) positioned at the bottom of the chute extract the material. One of them (4) is perforated and allow additional dedusting. Feeding roller (5) and the servo motor controlled adjustable feeding plate passes the fiber onto the opening and cleaning unit where final cleaning takes place. After the operation of this machine the material is then feed to carding machine.

TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIAL FROM BLOW ROOM TO CARD

For the transportation of the fibers from the blow room to the card the chute feed system is used Spinning Mills. In chute feed system the ducting pipes and the chute is used. The fibers are taken from the last roller through the condenser, which creates the suction and then feed them to the card machine.

The condenser is very important part of the blow room. Its main function is to take the fibers from the back part and supply them to the next part. All this operation is down on the bases of the sucking function of the condenser.

Basically the condenser consists on a fan, stripping roller and a perforated roller. The fan is connected with a high-speed motor, which rotates it at a high speed. The grid roller has holes on its surface, which helps it to suck the fibers from the back machine.

When the fan and the grid roller rotates with the help of the motor, an air vacuum is generated which sucks the fibers from the back rollers through the holes of the grid roller. The stripper roller removes the fibers from the perforated roller and through them into the chute.

General factors which affect the degree of opening , cleaning and fibre loss are, 

·         thickness of the feed web 

·         density of the feed web 

·         fibre coherence 

·         fibre alignment 

·         size of the flocks in the feed (flock size may be same but density is different) 

·         the type of opening device 

·         speed of the opening device 

·         degree of penetration 

·         type of feed (loose or clamped) 

·         distance between feed and opening device 

·         type of opening device 

·         type of clothing 

·         point density of clothing 

·         arrangement of pins, needles, teeth 

·         speeds of the opening devices 

·         throughput speed of material 

·         type of grid bars 

·         area of the grid surface 

·         grid settings                               

·         airflow through the grid 

·         condition of pre-opening 

·         quantity of material processed, 

·         position of the machine in the machine sequence 

·         feeding quantity variation to the beater